Evaluation of particulate material

ABSTRACT

The invention provides apparatus for determining and recording characteristics of particulate material in a batch of such material comprising a separator chamber having an inlet, means for reading an identifier on a batch of particulate material supplied to the inlet and providing the identifier as a digital output, means for causing a flow of gas in the separator chamber to separate the particulate material into a first fraction and a second fraction, first counting means, second counting means, means for weighing the first fraction and providing the result as a digital output, and means for integrating the digital outputs and for transferring them to a computer programmed to store data in prescribed format in a database, from which it may be manipulated to afford comparison of characteristics of batches of particulate material.

This invention relates to evaluation of particulate material and isespecially concerned with evaluation of seed in a batch of plantproduct.

In breeding of plants cultivated for their seeds (also called seedcrops) for example rice, wheat, barley, corn, soybean, canola,sunflower, millet and safflower, a major goal is to find genotypes thathave a high seed yield. Breeders often have to analyse the seed yield oflarge populations of plants with different genotypes, obtained forexample through sexual crossing of parental lines. Molecular breeders,who create variability by insertion of transgenes in a plant species,also have to cope with large plant populations of which the seed yieldneeds to be assessed. Tools for fast, accurate and efficient measurementof seed yield are a necessity for the plant breeding industry.

It is one practice to evaluate seed produced by plants by a procedurewhich involves several steps. The seeds are physically separated fromthe plant, the harvest step, and then cleaned to remove non-seedremnants originating from the maternal plant and dust or othercontaminating particles. Mature seeds are discriminated from improperlymatured seeds (hereinafter “immature seeds”), e.g. seeds that are notcompletely filled. In most cases the ratio of mature seeds versusimmature seeds is recorded as a parameter that is relevant for thebreeders. The mature seeds are weighed and counted, so that the totalmature seed weight (otherwise referred to as the yield) which is animportant parameter for breeders, can be derived as well as the averageweight per mature seed which gives a value for comparison with forexample, the thousand kernel weight that is commonly used as animportant parameter by breeders.

Instruments used for conducting these measurements in such a procedureinclude balances for measuring seed weight and seed counters forcounting the number of seeds, all of which exist in differentcommercially available types. One type of seed counter comprises aninlet for a batch of seed, a system that allows the seeds to drop one byone, and a system to detect each particle of a defined size that passesin front of an optical detector. Instruments for cleaning the seeds alsoexist in different commercially available types. Some are based on thepassage of seeds over sets of shaking sieves with different mesh size,until seeds of the right particle size are retained on one of thosesieves. Other instruments are based on the differential aerodynamicand/or gravity properties of seeds versus contaminants in a fluid flow,usually a stream of air. Discrimination of matured versus immature seedscan also be done based on the principle of differentialaerodynamic/gravity properties.

It is one object of the present invention to provide improved apparatusfor the evaluation of particulate material in a batch of such material.

It is another of the objects of this invention to provide an improvedprocess for the evaluation of mature seeds in a batch of plant product.

The invention provides in one of its aspects apparatus for determiningand recording characteristics of particulate material in a batch of suchmaterial comprising a separator chamber having an inlet through which abatch of particulate material may be supplied to the separator chamber,means for reading an identifier on the batch of particulate materialsupplied to the inlet and providing the identifier as a digital output,means for causing a flow of gas in the separator chamber to separate theparticulate material into a first fraction consisting essentially ofparticulate material having desired characteristics and a secondfraction consisting essentially of particulate material not having thedesired characteristics, first counting means for counting the particlesin the first fraction and providing the result as a digital output,second counting means for counting particles of the particulate materialin the batch or for counting particles of particulate material in thesecond fraction and providing the result as a digital output, means forweighing the first fraction and providing the result as a digitaloutput, and means for integrating the digital outputs and fortransferring them to a computer programmed to store data in prescribedformat in a database from which it may be manipulated to affordcomparison of characteristics of batches of particulate material.

The word “comprising” where used herein is intended to encompass thenotion of “including” and the notion of “consisting essentially of”.

Apparatus according to the invention is preferably constructed andarranged so that the inlet to the separator chamber, an outlet from theseparator chamber for the first fraction, counter means and means forweighing the first fraction are arranged one above another so that thefirst fraction may be allowed to fall from the inlet to the weighingmeans. Preferably, the apparatus is so constructed and arranged thatparticles may drop one by one from the inlet into the separator chamber.Preferably the first fraction follows an at least substantially linearline of passage from the inlet to the weighing means. In one embodimenthereinafter described the particulate material is allowed to fallthrough a vertically disposed passageway shaped to disrupt the fallingparticulate material as it reaches an entry port through which flow ofgas may enter the separator chamber.

The means for causing a flow of gas in the separator chamber ofapparatus according to the invention may take any suitable form forexample a compressed gas supply may be utilised to blow the gas thoughthe chamber, or fan means may be utilised to draw the gas through thechamber. The gas used is preferably air, in which case the fan means ispreferred. Preferably, the gas is caused to flow in the separatorchamber at least somewhat across the line of passage of particulatematerial supplied to the separator chamber, whereby particles are borneto a lesser or greater degree from the line of passage. Preferablybaffle means is provided within the separator chamber at a position fromthe line of passage commensurate with restraining particles of thesecond fraction from returning to the first fraction after separation.The separator chamber may include a chamber in which the second fractionis retained or alternatively may have a discharge opening through whichthe second fraction is evacuated from the separating chamber.

Preferably, the separator chamber is provided with a vent through whichmaterial such as dust or other plant residue may be evacuated from theseparator chamber.

In apparatus according to the invention, the means for reading anidentifier on the batch is preferably a bar code reader but may be anyother suitable reader appropriate to the identifier employed.

In apparatus according to the invention, the particles of particulatematerial are allowed or caused to drop one by one through the first andsecond counter means so they may be counted. Any counting means capableof detecting the particles may be employed for example optical orcapacitance counters. We prefer to employ optical counting means or bycapacitance counting.

Apparatus according to the invention may also comprise means for opticalassessment of grain size of particles in the first fraction.

Apparatus according to the invention may also comprise means forapplying the identifier to the batch of particulate material.

In apparatus according to the invention, the means for reading theidentifier, the first and second counting means and the means forweighing the first fraction each provide output in digital form. Theseare preferably integrated by use of software in a computer device andfed therefrom to the database. The database may be manipulated toinspect and compare data to determine various characteristics such asthe amount of particles in the first fraction, the average weight ofparticles in the first fraction and the ratio of particles in the firstfraction to the number of particles in the second fraction.

Apparatus according to the invention permits derivation of data aboutthe particulate material without human intervention other than perhapsinitial feeding of the particulate material to the inlet and/or removalof particles from the apparatus. It may be used for a variety ofpurposes and is especially useful for evaluation of mature seeds in abatch of material obtained by harvesting one or more plants. In suchuse, the apparatus provides an integrated automatic process forseparating seed in a batch harvested from one or more plants fromdetritus, and separating matured seed from immature seed. By use of theapparatus one may derive in a single operation desired data about keyparameters of interest to the plant breeder such as seed yield, averageseed weight and ratio of matured to immature seed in the batch.

The invention provides in another of its aspects a process forevaluating and recording characteristics of seed in a batch of plantproduct comprising the steps of identifying the batch, automaticallytransferring the batch to means for separating the seed to provide afirst fraction consisting essentially of mature seeds and a secondfraction consisting essentially of immature seeds, to means for countingthe seeds in such manner that the number of seeds in each fraction isdetermined and to means for weighing the first fraction of seeds,determining the average weight of the seeds in the first fraction,manipulating the results to determine the ratio of mature seeds in thebatch to improperly matured seeds in the batch and recording results ina prescribed format in a computer database together with the batchidentifier.

The computer database compiled by subjecting batches of plant product toa process as aforesaid may be interrogated and enables rapid comparisonof characteristics from a multitude of different plants and thus permitsrapid determination of seeds from which further plants may be derivedwhich yield seeds having desired characteristics.

The invention provides in another of its aspects a process for comparingone or more of the characteristics of seed yield, average seed weightand/or ratio of mature versus improperly matured seeds in a batch ofplant product with corresponding characteristics of other batches ofplant product, in which a computer database compiled by subjectingbatches of plant product to a process according to the last precedingparagraph but one is interrogated concerning said one or morecharacteristics.

In order that the invention may become more clear there now follows adescription to be read with the accompanying drawings of three exampleinstruments for use in apparatus according to the invention and theiruse in a process according to the invention selected for description toillustrate the invention by way of example.

IN THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view in section of a first example instrument,

FIG. 2 is a schematic view in section of a second example instrument and

FIG. 3 is a schematic view in section of a third example instrument.

The example instruments provide means for determining and recordingcharacteristics of particulate material in a batch of such material.

The first example instrument comprises a separator chamber (10) havingan inlet (12) through which a batch of particulate material may besupplied to the separator chamber, an outlet (14) from the separator,first counter means (16), second counter means (18) and a balance (20).These are arranged one above another. The first counter means has avibratory feeder device to separate the particulate material intoindividual particles, so that they pass this and the lower counter oneby one.

A fan (not shown) is provided for drawing a flow of air through theseparator chamber (10) via the inlet (12) and generally from left toright as viewed in FIG. 1 to separate particulate material passingthrough the separator chamber into a first fraction consistingessentially of heavier particulate material and a second fractionconsisting essentially of lighter material. The instrument is soconstructed and arranged that in use, particles may drop one by one pastthe counter (18), into the separator (10) and so that those of the firstfraction may fall from the inlet (12) to the balance (20) in an at leastsubstantially vertical, linear line of passage. The flow of air drawnthrough the separator chamber is such that particles are borne to alesser or greater degree from the line of passage. Baffle means in theform of vertically extending metal plates (22, 24) is provided withinthe separator chamber at a position from the line of passagecommensurate with restraining lighter particles from returning to thefirst fraction after separation. The separator chamber (10) includes asub-chamber (26) in which the second fraction is retained. A vent (28)is provided at an upper extremity of the separator chamber throughextraneous matter such as dust or plant residue may be evacuated fromthe separator chamber.

Each of the counters (16 and 18) comprises an optical counting meansarranged to count particles falling past it. The first counting means(16) is provided for counting the particles in the first fraction andthe second counting means (18) for counting particles of the particulatematerial in the batch. The counting means provide the results as adigital outputs (30, 32). The balance provides means for weighing thefirst fraction and also provides its result as a digital output (34).

The instrument has a bar code reader (36) which provides means forreading an identifier in the form of a bar code on the batch ofparticulate material supplied to the inlet. The bar code reader isarranged to supply the identifier bar code as a digital output (38).

The instrument also comprises means (not shown) for applying theidentifier to the batch of particulate material.

The various digital outputs (30, 32, 34, 38) are fed from the instrumentto a data collection point (40) at which they are integrated by use ofsoftware in a computer device. The information derived is then suppliedto a computer programmed to store data in prescribed format in adatabase from which it may be manipulated to afford comparison ofcharacteristics of batches of particulate material.

The second example instrument comprises a separator chamber (110) havingan inlet (112) through which a batch of particulate material may besupplied to the separator chamber, an outlet (114) from the separator,first counter means (116) second counter means (118) and a balance(120). The inlet (112), outlet (114), first counter means (116) andbalance (120) are arranged one above another. Fan means (not shown) asemployed in the first example instrument is provided for drawing a flowof air through the separator chamber (110) to separate particulatematerial passing through the separator chamber into a first fractionconsisting essentially of heavier particulate material and a secondfraction consisting essentially of lighter material. The instrument isso constructed and arranged that in use, particles may drop from theinlet (112) via a vibratory hopper and pass one by one, into theseparator chamber (110) and so that those of the first fraction may fallfrom the inlet (112) to the balance (120) in an at least substantiallyvertical, linear line of passage. The air flow in the separator chamberserves to carry particles to a lesser or greater degree from the line ofpassage. Baffle means in the form of vertically extending metal plates(122, 124) is provided within the separator chamber at a position fromthe line of passage commensurate with restraining lighter particles fromreturning to the first fraction after separation. The separator chamber(110) includes a sub-chamber (126) defined by the baffle (122) and awall (125) in which the second fraction is collected. Particles of thesecond fraction may then pass through a conduit (127) and fall past thesecond counter (118) and collect in a chamber (not shown). A secondsub-chamber (142) defined by the wall (125) and an interior wall portionof the separator chamber, is provided into which a third fraction of thebatch may pass. A vent (128) is provided at an upper extremity of theseparator chamber through which extraneous matter such as dust may beevacuated from the separator chamber.

Each of the counters (116 and 118) comprises an optical counting meansarranged to count particles falling past it. The first counting means(116) is provided for counting the particles in the first fraction andthe second counting means (118) for counting particles of the secondfraction. The counting means each provide results as a digital output(130, 133).

The balance provides means for weighing the first fraction and alsoprovides its result as a digital output (134).

The instrument has a bar code reader (136) which provides means forreading an identifier in the form of a bar code on the batch ofparticulate material supplied to the inlet. The bar code reader isarranged to supply the identifier bar code as a digital output (138).

The instrument also comprises means (not shown) for applying theidentifier to the batch of particulate material.

The various digital outputs (130, 133, 134, 138) are fed from theinstrument to a data collection point (140) at which they are integratedby use of software in a computer device. The information derived is thensupplied to a computer programmed to store data in prescribed format ina database from which it may be manipulated to afford comparison ofcharacteristics of batches of particulate material.

The third example instrument comprises a separator chamber (210) havingan inlet (212) through which a batch of particulate material may besupplied via a vibratory hopper (not shown) to the separator chamber, anoutlet (214) from the separator chamber, first counter means (216),second counter means (218) and a balance (220). These are arranged oneabove another. A fan (221) is provided for drawing a flow of air throughthe separator chamber (210) via an inlet port (223) and generally fromleft to right as viewed in FIG. 3 to separate particulate materialpassing through the separator chamber-into a first fraction consistingessentially of heavier particulate material and a second fractionconsisting essentially of lighter material. In this embodiment theparticulate material is allowed to fall through a vertically disposedpassageway (225) shaped (227) to disrupt the passage of particles offalling material as they reach the entry port (223) through which flowof gas may enter the separator, being drawn through the separatorchamber by the fan (221). Baffles (224, 226) and an internal wall (231)of the separator chamber are curved in such a way that air drawn throughthe chamber follows a somewhat sinusoidal path to one side of thepassageway (225) as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 3.

The instrument is so constructed and arranged that in use, particles maydrop one by one past the counter (218), into the separator (210) and sothat those of the first fraction may fall from the inlet (212) to thebalance (220) in an at least substantially vertical line of passage. Theflow of air drawn through the separator chamber is such that particlesare borne to a lesser or greater degree from the line of passage. Airflowing between the baffles (224, 226) restrains lighter particles fromreturning to the first fraction after separation. The separator chamber(210) includes a sub-chamber (228) in which the second fraction isretained. The air drawn out of the separator chamber by the fan (221carries extraneous matter such as dust through the fan and out of theseparator chamber.

Each of the counters (216 and 218) comprises an optical counting meansarranged to count particles falling past it. The first counting means(216) is provided for counting the particles in the first fraction andthe second counting means (218) for counting particles of theparticulate material in the batch. The counting means provide theresults as digital outputs (not shown) in the same way as in the firstexample instrument. The balance provides means for weighing the firstfraction and also provides its result as a digital output (not shown) asin the first example instrument.

The instrument has a bar code reader (not shown) which provides meansfor reading an identifier in the form of a bar code on the batch ofparticulate material supplied to the inlet. The bar code reader isarranged to supply the identifier bar code as a digital output.

The instrument also comprises means (not shown) for applying theidentifier to the batch of particulate material.

As with the first example instrument the various digital outputs are fedfrom the instrument to a data collection point at which they areintegrated by use of software in a computer device. The informationderived is then supplied to a computer programmed to store data inprescribed format in a database from which it may be manipulated toafford comparison of characteristics of batches of particulate material.

In a first process according to the invention, the first exampleinstrument was used to determine characteristics of a batch of seedharvested from a plant. The instrument applied a unique bar code to thebatch, which was read by the bar code reader (36), which in turn sentits digital output (38) to the data collection point (40) therebyidentifying the batch. The batch was automatically transferred seed byseed from the inlet (12) to the separator chamber (10). Air flowing inthe separator chamber caused material supplied to the separator chamberto separate into a first fraction consisting essentially of mature seedsand a second fraction consisting essentially of immature seeds and athird fraction consisting of unwanted dust and other plant materials.

The first fraction fell onto the balance where its total weight wasmeasured and transferred as digital output (34). The second fraction wascaptured in the sub-chamber (26) and the third fraction was emitted fromthe exhaust (28). Seed falling past the counters (18, 16) was counted bythe optical devices and the result supplied as digital outputs (30, 32)to the data collection point.

At the data collection point, the average weight of the seeds in thefirst fraction was determined and the data manipulated to determine theratio of mature seeds in the batch to immature seeds in the batch. Theresults were sent to and recorded in a computer database in a prescribedformat together with the batch identifier. The seed yield was derivedfrom the balance output, the average seed weight was derived by takingthe ratio of the seed yield to the number of mature seeds as assessed bythe output of the first counter (16) and the ratio of mature seedsversus immature seeds is derived by taking the ratio of the output fromthe first counter (16) to the output from the second counter (18) minusthe output of the first counter. Characteristics of seed yield, averageseed weight and/or ratio of mature versus immature seeds in the batchwere compared with corresponding characteristics of other batches ofplant product assembled in the computer database.

In a second process according to the invention, the second exampleinstrument was used to determine characteristics of a batch of seedharvested from a plant. The instrument applied a unique bar code to thebatch, which was read by the bar code reader (136), which in turn sentits digital output (138) to the data collection point (140) therebyidentifying the batch. The batch was automatically transferred seed byseed from the inlet (112) to the separator chamber (110). Air flowing inthe separator chamber caused material supplied to the separator chamberto separate into a first fraction consisting essentially of matureseeds, a second fraction consisting essentially of immature seeds and athird fraction consisting of unwanted dust and other plant materials.

The first fraction fell onto the balance (120) where its total weightwas measured and transferred as digital output (134). The secondfraction was captured in the sub-chamber (126) and the third fractionwas passed into the second sub-chamber from whence dust was exhaustedvia the exhaust (128). Seed falling past the counters (118, 116) wascounted by the optical devices and the result supplied as digitaloutputs (130, 133) to the data collection point (140).

At the data collection point, the average weight of the seeds in thefirst fraction was determined and the data manipulated to determine theratio of mature seeds in the batch to immature seeds in the batch. Theresults were sent to and recorded in a computer database in a prescribedformat together with the batch identifier. The seed yield was derivedfrom the balance output, the average seed weight was derived by takingthe ratio of the seed yield to the number of mature seeds as assessed bythe output of the first counter (116) and the ratio of mature seedsversus immature seeds was derived by taking the ratio of the output fromthe first counter (116) to the output from the second counter (118).

In a third process according to the invention, the third exampleinstrument was used in a substantially similar way to the first processto separate particulate material into a first fraction consistingessentially of mature seeds and a second fraction consisting essentiallyof immature seeds and a third fraction consisting of extraneousmaterials. As in the first process, the weight of the first fraction wasmeasured and transferred as digital output. The second fraction wascaptured in the sub-chamber (228) and the third fraction was exhaustedthrough the fan (221). As in the first process, seed falling past thecounters (218, 216) was counted by the optical devices and the resultsupplied as digital outputs to the data collection point.

At the data collection point, the average weight of the seeds in thefirst fraction was determined and the data manipulated to determine theratio of mature seeds in the batch to immature seeds in the batch. Theresults were sent to and recorded in a computer database in a prescribedformat together with the batch identifier. The seed yield was derivedfrom the balance output, the average seed weight was derived by takingthe ratio of the seed yield to the number of mature seeds as assessed bythe output of the first counter and the ratio of mature seeds versusimmature seeds is derived by taking the ratio of the output from thefirst counter to the output from the second counter minus the output ofthe first counter.

Characteristics of seed yield, average seed weight and/or ratio ofmature versus immature seeds in the batch were compared withcorresponding characteristics of other batches of plant productassembled in the computer database.

One may select which of the example instruments is used in accordancewith the nature of the seeds and of the impurities which depends on theplant species and the harvesting system used. In either case one maycompare one or more of the characteristics of seed yield, average seedweight and/or ratio of mature versus immature seeds in a batch of plantproduct with corresponding characteristics of other batches of plantproduct, by interrogating the computer database compiled by subjectingmany batches of plant product to a process according to the invention.

1. Apparatus for determining and recording characteristics of seed in abatch of plant product comprising; a separator chamber having an inletthrough which a batch of plant product is supplied to the separatorchamber; means for reading an identifier on the batch of plant productsupplied to the inlet and providing the identifier as a digital output;means for causing a flow of gas in the separator chamber to flow acrossa substantially vertical line of passage of plant product supplied tothe separator chamber such that particles are borne to a lesser orgreater degree from the line of passage and wherein the flow of gasseparates the plant product into a first fraction consisting essentiallyof seed having desired characteristics and a second fraction consistingessentially of seed not having the desired characteristics; firstcounting means for counting the seed in the first fraction and providingthe result as a digital output; second counting means for counting seedin the batch or for counting seed in the second fraction and providingthe result as a digital output; means for weighing the first fractionand providing the result as digital output; and means for integratingthe digital outputs and for transferring them to a computer programmedto store data in prescribed format in a database from which it may bemanipulated to afford comparison of characteristics of batches of plantproduct.
 2. A process for evaluating and recording characteristics ofseed in a batch of plant product comprising the steps of: identifyingthe batch; automatically transferring the batch to the separator chamberin the apparatus of claim 1 to provide a first fraction consistingessentially of mature seeds and a second fraction consisting essentiallyof improperly matured seeds; automatically transferring the first andsecond fractions to the means for counting seeds in the apparatus ofclaim 1 in such manner that the number of seeds in each fraction isdetermined; automatically transferring the first fraction to the meansfor weighing the first fraction of seeds in the apparatus of claim 1;determining the average weight of the seeds in the first fraction;manipulating the results to determine the ratio of mature seeds in thebatch to immature seeds in the batch; and recording results in aprescribed format in a computer database together with the batchidentifier.
 3. A process according to claim 2, wherein said computerdatabase is interrogated for comparing one or more of thecharacteristics of seed yield, average seed weight and/or ratio ofmature versus improperly matured seeds in a batch of plant product withcorresponding characteristics of other batches of plant product.
 4. Theapparatus according to claim 1 wherein the first counting means andsecond counting means are designed so as to drop said seeds through saidfirst and second counting means one at a time.